Alabama State Capitol: A Historic Landmark in Montgomery
Introduction
The Alabama State Capitol, located in Montgomery, Alabama, stands as a symbol of the state’s rich political and architectural history. Recognized as a National Historic Landmark, this Greek Revival-style structure has played a pivotal role in both state and national history. Unlike most state capitols, the Alabama Legislature does not meet here; instead, it serves as the governor’s office and a historic museum.
Historical Significance
Alabama has had five different political capitals throughout its history. Initially, St. Stephens served as the territorial capital in 1817, followed by Huntsville in 1819, Cahaba in 1820, and Tuscaloosa in 1826. Finally, in 1846, Montgomery was designated as the capital, and a new capitol building was constructed on Goat Hill—the site of the present-day structure.
First Capitol Building (1847-1849)
The first Montgomery capitol building, designed by architect Stephen Decatur Button, was completed in 1847 but was tragically destroyed by fire in 1849.
Second (Current) Capitol Building (1850-Present)
The existing Alabama State Capitol was rebuilt between 1850 and 1851, under the supervision of architect Barachias Holt. This version maintained many of the original design elements while incorporating significant improvements. Over the years, various expansions and renovations have taken place, including major additions in 1885, 1906, 1912, and 1985-1992.
Architectural Features
The Alabama State Capitol is a masterpiece of Greek Revival architecture with elements of Beaux-Arts influences. Key features include:
- A grand central dome, standing at 119 feet tall
- A three-story structure with symmetrical north and south wings
- Monumental hexastyle porticoes supported by Doric and Ionic columns
- Beautiful cantilevered spiral staircases, designed by Horace King, a former slave turned master architect
- A rotunda adorned with eight murals painted by Roderick MacKenzie, depicting key moments in Alabama’s history
Role in the Confederacy
In 1861, the Alabama State Capitol briefly served as the First Confederate Capitol during the early months of the Civil War. On February 18, 1861, Jefferson Davis took his oath of office as President of the Confederate States of America on the portico of the capitol. A six-pointed brass marker now commemorates the exact spot where this historic moment took place.
Civil Rights Era and Controversies
The Alabama State Capitol has also been a focal point of the Civil Rights Movement. In 1965, the Selma to Montgomery March, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., culminated on the steps of the capitol, where he delivered a powerful speech advocating for voting rights. Additionally, the controversial Confederate battle flag was flown over the capitol dome from 1963 until its removal in 1991.
Current Use and Visitor Information
Today, the Alabama State Capitol serves as a museum and working government building. Visitors can explore historic legislative chambers, admire ornate architecture, and learn about Alabama’s complex history.
Key Visitor Information:
- Location: 600 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, AL
- Hours: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Admission: Free, guided tours available
- Notable Attractions: The rotunda murals, Confederate marker, historic Supreme Court chamber
Conclusion
The Alabama State Capitol is more than just a government building—it is a living piece of history that reflects Alabama’s journey through politics, war, civil rights, and growth. Whether you are a history enthusiast, architecture lover, or simply a visitor to Montgomery, this iconic landmark is a must-see destination.
